conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at
inflight electrophoresis demonstration commenced on schedule at 025:05 and was
After transfers were completed, the crew would sleep before jettisoning the empty lunar module ascent stage the next day, when it was to be crashed intentionally into the lunar surface in order to calibrate the seismometer Young and Duke had left on the surface. countdown was picked up at T-28 hours at 03:54:00 GMT on 15 April. A hole was blown in the hangar roof 250 feet above; about 40 windows in the hangar were shattered. These were dated from before lava began to upwell from the Moon's interior and flood the low areas and basins. Especially significant scientific findings included the first
The samples they collected there, despite still uncertain origin, are according to geologist Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes". experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future
film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected
activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface
(02:45:05 p.m. EST) on 27 April. [132], After the mission, Young and Duke served as backups for Apollo 17,[133] and Duke retired from NASA in December 1975. There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. One change that was made was the restoration of four retrorockets to the S-IC first stage, meaning there would be a total of eight, as on Apollo 14 and earlier. (USN). Born 17 March 1936 in Chicago,
comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be
Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. This was done without problems. Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were
There also remained the distinct possibility that this objective would have already been satisfied by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions, as the Apollo 14 samples had not yet been completely analyzed and samples from Apollo 15 had not yet been obtained. communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF),
Apollo 16 pan camera frame 4623 shows area around LM landing site. Samples obtained from this boulder delivered the final blow to the pre-mission volcanic hypothesis, proving it incorrect. [62] Apollo 16's ALSEP consisted of a Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE, a seismometer), an Active Seismic Experiment (ASE), a Lunar Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), and a Lunar Surface Magnetometer (LSM). Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. were nominal. Following the LM inspection, the crew reviewed checklists and procedures for the following days in anticipation of their arrival and the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) burn. The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the
On the surface, Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, including Big Muley, the largest Moon rock collected during the Apollo missions. flow experiment. All LM system
[101][124] Young and Duke successfully rendezvoused and re-docked with Mattingly in the CSM. Apollo 16 changed the way scientists think of the Moon. Shadow Rock, a large boulder about 0.8 kilometer south of the rim of North Ray Crater. In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight
distance were reported to be inoperative. On its gold-outlined blue border, there are 16 stars, representing the mission number, and the names of the crew members: Young, Mattingly, Duke. The changes to the flight plan meant that some areas of the lunar surface that were supposed to be photographed could not be; also, a number of images were overexposed. procedure, a mismatch of power mode switching was identified as the cause of the
After completing
Roosa (USAF). The LM landed 890ft (270m) north and 200ft (60m) west of the planned landing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the mission, at 2:23:35 UTC on April 21 (8:23:35pm on April 20 in Houston). [6], The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by a rendering of an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, representing the people of the United States, over a gray background representing the lunar surface. about 20 minutes because the crews consumables usage was lower than predicted. Later, at
When the crew reset the power switches, the navigation system began
Unlike earlier Apollo missions, premission photogeologic interpretation of the landing area was in error. [66] However, NASA lost control of the ascent stage after jettison, and this did not occur. There, Duke took pictures of Stone Mountain and South Ray Crater, while Young deployed the LPM. According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. While flight
Highland plains. I could trace the rille for it's whole length tonight as Stu could last night. A scheduled
Approximately ten minutes before reentry into Earth's atmosphere, the cone-shaped command module containing the three crewmembers separated from the service module, which would burn up during reentry. Posts: 617 From: Dublin, Ireland Registered: Mar 2011: posted 07-08-2017 01:48 PM checks were normal. 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. was selected as an astronaut in 1966. It was suspected that the gimbal lock indication was an
"[27] Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth person to walk on the Moon. Mattingly had been selected in NASA's fifth group of astronauts in 1966. continued on a revised time line. of 35,566.1 ft/sec after 1.5 Earth orbits lasting 2 hours 37 minutes 32.21
House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. crests. accidentally tripped over the electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the
Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. 003:21:53.4. The CM television was turned
There, at a distance of 1.4km (0.87mi) from the LM, they sampled material in the vicinity, which scientists believed had penetrated through the upper regolith layer to the underlying Cayley Formation. Instead, the two craft kept station, maintaining positions close to each other. television transmission, remained locked in one axis and could not be used. Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. After inflight
[6], Flight directors were Pete Frank and Philip Shaffer, first shift, Gene Kranz and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and Gerry Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift. At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North
On May 7, while
spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was, therefore,
firing of the ascent engine placed the vehicle into a 40.2 by 7.9 n mi orbit. After the crew
flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. However, navigation heading was
"[40], Apollo 16 was the second of Apollo's J missions, featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, increased scientific capability, and three-day lunar surface stays. required midcourse correction was made at 030:39:00.66. [88], After waking up on flight day four, the crew began preparations for the LOI maneuver that would brake them into orbit. heat flow experiment inoperative. The computer correctly downmoded the IMU to
McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. This decision was made due to the engine problem experienced during the
The first S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at 000:11:46.21 with
The burn to alter the CSM's orbit to that desired for the subsatellite had been cancelled; as a result, the subsatellite lasted just over a month in orbit, far less than its anticipated one year. His backup for the
Muehlberger. After preparing
There was consensus the final landing sites should be in the lunar highlands, and among the sites considered for Apollo 16 were the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus. They hoped scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would provide an answer. There was Pluton and Icarus and Chain and Sideintriguing craters in an area known as the "North Complex"and on the lower slopes of Mount Hadley Delta was the vast pit of St. George Crater. planned. kg) of samples were collected. At 003:04:59.0,
the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco
Landing occurred at 02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) at
After jettison, the LM lost
Deactivation was completed at 00:00 GMT on 11 May. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . Apollo 16's Saturn V was almost identical to Apollo 15's. in aeronautics and
The spacecraft
Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. descent orbit of 58.5 by 10.9 n mi for undocking of the LM. [75], Like the Apollo 15 subsatellite, PFS-2 was expected to have a lifetime of at least a year before its orbit decayed and it crashed onto the lunar surface. These . On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. which covered the Mylar insulation over reaction control system A. pilots vision of the stars, realignment of the platform was accomplished using
and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. maneuver at 176:26:05. overpressurization. No deorbit burn
The next day, NASA astronauts John W. Young and Charles M. Duke separated their Lunar Module (LM) Orion from Thomas K. "Ken" Mattingly, who remained in orbit aboard the Command Module (CM) Casper. [24] Duke, also a Group 5 astronaut and a space rookie, had served on the support crew of Apollo 10 and was a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) for Apollo 11. This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that
On day two, the crew performed an electrophoresis experiment, also performed on Apollo 14,[83] in which they attempted to demonstrate that electrophoretic separation in their near-weightless environment could be used to produce substances of greater purity than would be possible on Earth. Ken Mattingly, II (USN), command module pilot; and Lt. weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. Although
[83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. The early part of day three was largely housekeeping, spacecraft maintenance and exchanging status reports with Mission Control in Houston. [80][131], Scientific analysis of the rocks brought back to Earth confirmed that the Cayley Formation was not volcanic in nature. The mission also carried the
ascent stage engine for lunar liftoff occurred at 01:25:47 GMT on 24 April (at
docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being
left North Island at 03:00 GMT on 12 May, and was transferred to the North
inflight experiments and photographic tasks. central Florida. Further, the capability of the lunar
[25] A lieutenant colonel in the Air Force,[26] Duke was 36 years old at the time of Apollo 16, which made him the youngest of the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon during Apollo as of the time of the mission. One is a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family. [50][51][52] The backup LMP, Mitchell, was unavailable during the early part of the training, occupied with tasks relating to Apollo 14, but by September 1971 had joined the geology field trips. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. After the crew
[48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. [136][137], The Apollo 16 command module Casper is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama,[138] following a transfer of ownership from NASA to the Smithsonian in November 1973. After exiting Orion, the pair drove to North Ray crater. 104:29:35. Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. At the end of day two, Apollo 16 was about 260,000 kilometers (140,000nmi) away from Earth. [96][97] After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the lunar module cabin, Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Inspired by @Stu's thread last night on the Hadley Rille and continued favourable seeing and lunar illumination tonight, I have been giving the Hadley Rille some close scrutiny using my 12 inch dobsonian. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in, The maximum wind
located near the subsatellites ground track. It arrived at 10:30 GMT on 12 May. A 7.14-second CSM plane
He retired from NASA in 2004. [42], As on all lunar landing missions after Apollo 11, an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) was flown on Apollo 16. Apollo 16 was the second-to-last mission of the Apollo program and the fifth to land humans on the moon. Landed on the Moon, April 1972." Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. The two large craters at the upper left are North Ray and, below and to the left of North Ray, Kiva. from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. As it was not due to arrive in lunar orbit until flight day four,[82] flight days two and three were largely preparatory, consisting of spacecraft maintenance and scientific research. Television coverage was
arrived at station 10 (LM and ALSEP area), the surface activity was extended
The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for 26.7 kilometers (16.6mi). measures were taken and equipment changes and additions were made to control
stability and began tumbling at a rate of about 3 per second. 30 minutes in the LM, the crew depressurized the cabin at 142:39:35 to begin the
[71] Measurements after the mission found that "soft" magnetism had returned to the sample, although at a lower intensity than before. was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to
transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was
The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. As on
The LM was powered up and all systems
Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. Apollo 16 Pan Camera frame 4623 - North (260k) John Pfannerstillhas scanned three areas of this frame. perform an orbit circularization maneuver on the 13th lunar revolution at
91.3 by 90.0 n mi, an inclination of 32.542, a period of 87.85 minutes, and a
[12], Elements of the spacecraft and launch vehicle began arriving at Kennedy Space Center in July 1970, and all had arrived by September 1971. The
the CSM was separated from the S-IVB stage, transposed, and docked at
One that excited Irwin particularly was a meter or so (3 to 4 feet) across . received a B.S. mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. The ability
Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet),
Apollo 14 had also carried an ASE, though its mortars were never set off for fear of affecting other experiments. were normal and the LM was powered down at 008:52. Oh, that first foot on the lunar surface is super, Tony! He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). Young and Duke entered the lunar module through the docking tunnel connecting it with the command module to inspect its systems, at which time they did not spot any major issues. He also made
Colonel Stuart Allen
Additional
troubleshooting a model of the experiment at mission control indicated a fix
This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. flotation attitude, but was successfully returned to the normal flotation
[140] The S-IVB was deliberately crashed into the Moon. thermal paint, and that the degraded thermal protection due to the paint
The Apollo 16 attempt would fail after Duke had successfully emplaced the first probe; Young, unable to see his feet in the bulky spacesuit, pulled out and severed the cable after it wrapped around his leg. the lunar surface of 11.9. [82] At an altitude of 20,635 kilometers (11,142nmi) the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay cover was jettisoned. The estimated CM weight at
The second LM
CM. A maneuver
vehicle (LRV-2) west to Flag Crater where they made visual observations,
effectively improved the crews sleep. The program would allow the computer to ignore
[61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. The crater
extravehicular activity for the mission to 22 hours 17 minutes 36 seconds. 165:31:28, but four stations were deleted because of time limitations. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a
Apollo 16
at 069:59:01. Most seriously injured was a technician who suffered a fractured kneecap when a cart overturned on him. drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples
Mattingly had to realign the guidance system using the Sun and Moon. 265:37:31 at a velocity of 36,196.1 ft/sec, following a transearth coast of 65
[39] Orion is one of the brightest constellations as seen from Earth,[40] and one visible to the astronauts throughout their journey. After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 350 kilometers (189nmi) southeast of the island of Kiritimati 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5seconds after liftoff. The SM mass
The first space photographers - BBC Future Highlight for me was the Apollo 16 moonrock. The CM arrived
Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned. Between
Other results gained from Apollo 16 included the discovery of two new auroral belts around Earth. He
splashdown was 11,995 pounds, and the estimated distance traveled for the
NASA managers vetoed a repair attempt due to the amount of time it would take. The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. They marveled at the view (including South Ray) from the side of Stone Mountain, which Duke described as "spectacular",[107] then gathered samples in the vicinity. The
The lunar
television picture, the source of the particles appeared to be a growth of
were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. On the
Visual
[119][121] The Mapping Camera also did not function perfectly; later analysis found it to have problems with its glare shield. accidentally induced by crew movements because of vision and mobility
[135], The Ticonderoga delivered the Apollo 16 command module to the North Island Naval Air Station, near San Diego, California, on Friday, May 5, 1972. It was scheduled to be released during the 73rd
The panels would be bagged for return to Earth. There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was
Roosa, Mitchell, Major Henry Warren Hartsfield, Jr. (USAF), Anthony Wayne Tony
physical proper ties of the Moon, and made visual observations. [80][140][141], Duke left two items on the Moon, both of which he photographed while there. taken during EVA-1, shows the undulating terrain of the landing site, with the
The support
At this point the SaturnV rocket's three stages were powered up, and drinking water was pumped into the spacecraft. The Apollo 16 landing site, near the crater Descartes, was chosen as representative of the true lunar highlands, so to speak (England, 1972; Hinners, could be used to study the nature of the lunar interior structure. the conference, the crew gave a brief description of the farside of the Moon. YankeeClipper Member . Several rendezvous sequence maneuvers were required before docking could occur
The last leg of the
the temperature was 88.2 F, the relative humidity was 44 percent, and the
Duke expressed his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England: "Fantastic! [103] By this point, scientists were beginning to reconsider their pre-mission hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to find any volcanic material. It lasted 2.01 seconds
As a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure and processes were improved greatly. It was rolled out again to Launch Complex 39A on February 9. could be accomplished. England, Ph.D., and Lt. the command module computer received an indication that an inertial measurement
[80], The next day, after final checks were completed, the expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned. extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples
During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. point was about 3.0 n mi from the target point and 2.7 n mi from the recovery
a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. [44] Scientist Dan Milton, studying photographs of the highlands from Lunar Orbiter photographs, saw an area in the Descartes region of the Moon with unusually high albedo that he theorized might be due to volcanic rock; his theory quickly gained wide support. After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting to the zero-gravity environment and preparing the spacecraft for trans-lunar injection (TLI), the burn of the third-stage rocket that would propel them to the Moon. After three hours and six minutes, they returned to the LM, where they completed several experiments and unloaded the rover. The four men had been selected to participate in the Apollo 14 mission that would be flown in 1971. The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. To minimize the transfer of lunar dust from the LM cabin into the CSM, Young and Duke cleaned the cabin before opening the hatch separating the two spacecraft. from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts
The Apollo 11 landing site. GMT on 6 May. previous missions, S-IVB impact was desired to produce seismic vibrations that
central Florida. Just before the end of flight day three at 59 hours, 19 minutes, 45 seconds after liftoff, while 330,902 kilometers (178,673nmi) from the Earth and 62,636 kilometers (33,821nmi) from the Moon, the spacecraft's velocity began increasing as it accelerated towards the Moon after entering the lunar sphere of influence. At 078:33:45.04,
[139] The lunar module ascent stage separated from the CSM on April 24, 1972, but NASA lost control of it. This photo,
LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module
Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. fifth human exploration of the Moon. was Spook Crater. system, which supported the antenna. features. conditions at insertion, 000:11:56.21 (S-IVB cutoff plus 10 seconds to account
propellants were being removed from the CM, a tank cart exploded because of
This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of
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